Examine the Advantages and Disadvantages to the Possible Future Free Essays

There is a developing emergency regarding the world’s vitality assets to attempt to discover maintainable answers for the world’s issues. There are 3 reactions to help spread the emergency; Business obviously, Multi-vitality arrangement and vitality protection. The nothing new situation include the world to continue utilizing the non-renewable energy sources and the International Energy Agency predicts that petroleum products will in any case rule vitality into 2030, which counteracts the forecasts of non-renewable energy sources running out by then with the developing populace and the quick advancement of countries, for example, China and India. We will compose a custom article test on Inspect the Advantages and Disadvantages to the Possible Future or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now This arrangement would include petroleum gas utilization multiplying and oil to increment by 1. 4 billion barrels every day. There are various focal points and drawbacks to this arrangement. One preferred position is that that advancement will proceed without requirements which mean nations won’t need to invest energy and cash on building up any supportable arrangements, they can simply proceed with petroleum derivatives and create as countries which would increment financial development and the abundance of the nations would increment. Another preferred position would incorporate that it is exorbitant to change to a feasible arrangement in light of the fact that the vitality should be gathered and put away and would should be actualized around the entire nation which costs a great deal, and for creating countries this would imply that they can’t utilize that cash for better purposes. Disservices would incorporate fuel cost expanding. In view of the developing interest from creating countries and the expanding populaces inside nations, this would mean a more significant expense since gracefully is running out so in the long run just the rich nations would have the option to bear the cost of the oil. Additionally, as it is such a need decent, buyers are eager to follow through on any cost to get the oil or asset. Another impediment is that a worldwide temperature alteration would quicken quicker. With this reaction, progressively non-renewable energy sources are being scorched, thus expanding the measure of carbon dioxide noticeable all around which would upgrade the nursery impact. The second conceivable arrangement is Multi-Energy Solution which is fulfilling future vitality needs from a blend of sustainable, recyclable and non inexhaustible sources. This would mean nations would have vitality security to keep up a moderate flexibly for individuals and industry. A few favorable circumstances of this arrangement are that the nation isn't reliant on one sort of source implying that its vitality secure. For instance, wind power is valuable for breezy places however on the off chance that for certain days there is an absence of wind, individuals won’t have vitality, so the nation could utilize sun powered or atomic vitality to help their requirements. Another bit of leeway would utilize enough of the petroleum derivatives now, while building up the new kind of manageable sustainable sources which will be valuable, in this way making occupations into that sort of innovative work. Inconveniences would incorporate sustainable power source has its costs considering present realities pricey to manufacture and keep up, gathering and putting away the vitality is troublesome and it is extremely conflicting. This kind of vitality would incorporate sun oriented and wind power, so they probably won't decide to utilize it when it is as yet creating as a sort of manageable wellspring of vitality which would guarantee security. In the event that a nation is utilizing atomic force, at that point it could be exceptionally perilous as the putting away of the waste would get costly and might hurt the general condition. In spite of the fact that it is an entirely dependable vitality source, nations are probably not going to utilize it as a result of Chernobyl and if that happened today, the impacts will be a lot of more regrettable. The last conceivable arrangement is Energy preservation which is a reaction to satisfying the expanding need dependent on diminishing the measure of vitality we use. Reasons why they would need to lessen utilization depend on decreasing costs, diminishing unsafe discharges and advancing vitality security. Favorable circumstances are that it will fulfill naturalists since they would utilize feasible arrangements and eliminating petroleum derivatives which would decelerate the nursery impact. Another conceivable bit of leeway is that sustainable power source would create as the fundamental wellspring of vitality nations would utilize, which implies not utilizing non-renewable energy sources thus unnatural climate examples and catastrophes won’t happen. A few detriments are that the change from non-inexhaustible to sustainable is over the top expensive as establishment, putting away and disseminating the influence will all cost cash and could be entirely inconsistent toward the beginning significance nations won’t be vitality secure. Additionally, nations will dismiss the supplication of changing to sustainable power sources as they will need to create as countries as we did and would need to have the modern transformation and go through as much as possible to develop the nation monetarily. Instructions to refer to Examine the Advantages and Disadvantages to the Possible Future, Essay models

Ethics in Economics and Finance Essay

Morals is characterized as a standard of human conduct that offers the proper behavior much of the time with companions, relatives, workers, agents, experts, and so on. It is important to make reference to that to settle on extremely moral choice intends to utilize prepared affectability to moral issues. As it were, morals is related with satisfactory human conduct in either regular or logical field. Morals joins standards of regular profound quality to recognize ‘wrong’ conduct from ‘right’ conduct. By and large, moral standards propose trustworthiness, honesty, reasonableness, uprightness, equity and regard for other people. Morals is applied to all parts of life as, medication, brain science, business, fund and financial aspects. Budgetary and financial morals is viewed as subset of general morals. (Frowen, 1995, p. 46) Ethics and Ethical Norms Researches contend that moral standards and qualities assume significant job in keeping up agreement and security in public activity as morals proposes legitimate methods of human-human communications. Morals perceives human needs and goals, just as helpful endeavors, decency and honesty. Morals contributes social soundness and guarantees balance in all circles of life and business. Social advancement has created intuition care in people to deal with ourselves and of others. Moral standards are important for managing human conduct and it is refereed to when it is important to determine clashes among childishness and narrow-mindedness, among still, small voice and material needs. In account and financial aspects moral infringement are related with irregularity in present day money related monetary hypothesis. Infringement are likewise ascribed to irregularities being used if head operator model of relations in monetary and budgetary exchanges. It is noticed that the money related financial hypothesis depends on the objective maximizer worldview which advances industrialist framework focusing on that people are proud and they will in general carry on soundly when searching for methods of augmenting their own advantage. The issue is that advanced monetary financial hypothesis repudiates moral standards of steadfastness, devotion, reliability and stewardship. Virtues are the center of customary idea of office, however in the event that people are professed to be discerning maximizers, at that point conventional sense is unimaginable. (Frowen, 19995, p. 47-49) For instance, Duska contends that â€Å"to accomplish something for another in a framework equipped to augment personal circumstance is silly. Such an answer, however, calls attention to an irregularity at the core of the framework, for a framework that has rules expecting specialists to pay special mind to other people while urging people to glance out just for themselves, crushes the act of paying special mind to others†. (Duska, 1992, p. 61) Ethics in Finance Morals in money assumes significant job as it targets guaranteeing reasonable arrangements and exchanges. Additionally, morals in money tends to corporate administration, and organization connections which ought to be absolutely legally binding. In monetary circle, moral conduct ought to be founded on carrot-and-stick approach. In corporate administration the contention among investor and the executives is portrayed as organization issue. To manage this issue an organization hypothesis was created. It focuses on that the head and specialist are both self-intrigued targeting producing their benefit. (Dobson, 1993, p. 7) Specialists state that we will in general involve our necessities as, the executives of retirement reserve funds or stock and security contributing, to money related administrations as we may neglect to convey them successfully. We are not as composed as money related administrators, however we don't know about office issue. Absence of important data confines our capacity to screen managers’ conduct. Thusly, current world is described by narrow minded conduct as individuals are eager to complete their things by others. Such incomprehensible circumstance clarifies moral issues in money related circle focusing on that declining in profound quality is watched. (Dobson, 1993, p. 8) Moral infringement in account are fairly visit these days and that mostly connected with partner premium, insider exchanging, venture the executives and outdoors financing. Unwaveringness and trust in broad daylight and private dealings are regularly abused. The most widely recognized events are fake monetary dealings, defilement in government and open organizations, impact hawking, conning clients about their exchanging benefits, insider exchanging, unapproved exchanges, abuse of client assets so as to acquire individual increase, theft and debasement in banks, inappropriate evaluating of client exchanges, and so on. Most oftentimes, dishonest conduct is related with insider exchanging which is characterized as exchanging protections of specific organization or association with a push to exploit data about material side of the organization. In such a manner, exchange is given uncalled for advantage over different rivals in a similar security. (Dobson, 1993, p. 59) Therefore, moral codes are significant in monetary recorded as they set principles of satisfactory conduct, reasonable managing and genuine relations with clients. Moral codes in fund will in general supplant prideful worldview and to make such framework which would advance, trustworthiness, benevolence and righteous qualities. It is somewhat regular to fid moral codes in present day money related markets and budgetary organization. In money related markets such moral codes are set up by legitimate administrative offices which are attempting to guarantee moral and mindful conduct as significant piece everything being equal and exchanges. Moreover, reconsidering of the center guideline of entrepreneur society assists with tending to moral issues in both money related and financial fields. Budgetary morals proposes that individual ought to be introduced as genuine and selfless advancing genuineness and reasonableness in broad daylight and private dealings. The main role of ethic in monetary circle is to set measures of inner great. (Dobson, 1993, p. 60-61) Ethics in Economics Ethics is connected with monetary circle in three different ways: business analysts ought to follow moral qualities attempting to shape the manner in which they are doing financial aspects; financial entertainers have moral qualities which shape their own conduct gauges; at last, moral qualities are significant for monetary arrangements and foundations as they influence individuals differentially. Be that as it may, from financial viewpoint morals is characterized as an issue of decision for everybody. Numerous market analysts contend that moral qualities contribute decidedly financial government assistance. In any case, there are thoughts that financial aspects is morally impartial. Market analysts are keen on ramifications of Adam Smith’s thought that all human are driven without anyone else premium and selfishness. Smith contended that personal circumstance prompted the benefit of all of country. (Wilber, 1996, p. 135) However, he concurred that human should act as far as internationalized moral law and police intensity of the state. In this manner, it is perceived that in financial circle all figures should follow up based on recognized moral standards as economy of each nation needs proficient moral conduct to improve country’s notoriety at the world scene. In financial aspects morals proposes staying away from debasement in government and advancing reasonable dynamic. Ethics isn't a simple errand for financial framework and business as there will be consistently intrigue bunches which will challenge moral measures and qualities. Along these lines, financial aspects should give more consideration to morals and social duty, just as to set moral codes of conduct. For instance, organizations are characterized as significant foundations in any monetary structure. Along these lines, they are relied upon to follow moral standards when concluding how to arrange the work and to deliver important merchandise and administration. Organizations mirror the general monetary framework and untrustworthy conduct may make ominous notoriety. (Wilber, 1996, p. 139) Conclusion Morals assumes critical job in all parts of life, particularly in money related and monetary circle. In money related field morals is related with reasonable exchanges and dealings, legit purchaser client relations and shirking of debasement. In financial field morals is related with social obligation, moral dynamic as the entire country relies upon them, and, obviously, with no defilement on national level. Morals is fundamental for keeping up parity and amicability, yet additionally for improving notoriety of organization, association, and even nation. (Frowen, 1995, p. 68)

New Coronary Intervention Codes in 2013 Essay Example for Free

New Coronary Intervention Codes in 2013 Essay Coronary Intervention Codes and Reimbursement: Two Decades of Effective Advocacy Why have interventional cardiologists’ compensations positioned at or close to the top contrasted with different fortes for as long as decade (1)? Extended periods under high pressure utilizing extraordinary abilities to perform hazardous methodology? Indeed, yet there is more. Viable support by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) has assumed an enormous job. This is the story. Medicare, sanctioned in 1965, put together repayment for doctor administrations with respect to the real charge on the present bill, the standard charge over the previous year, or the nearby clinical profession’s â€Å"prevailing† charge over the previous year, whichever was most minimal (2). This framework was tumultuous and confounding. Accordingly, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 changed Medicare to the Resource Based Relative Value System (RBRVS). This utilized Hsaio et al’s assessments of doctor time and exertion to dole out Relative Value Units (RVUs) to doctor administrations (3). In 1991, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) gathered a progression of Technical Expert Panels (TEP) to refine Hsaio’s starting assessments of work for chosen methodology. One of these was percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). An agent of the SCAI/ACC persuaded the TEP to build repayment for PTCA from Hsaio’s gauge of 9.5 RVU’s to 10.5 RVU’s. The 20 million or so coronary angioplasty and stenting methodology acted in the US since 1992 have all been repaid at a rate mirroring that 1 RVU increment allowed by the TEP in 1991. Hence, this one case of powerful backing by SCAI/ACC expanded repayment for these 20 million coronary mediation techniques more than two decades. Presently bounce to 1994 when STRESS (4) and BENESTENT (5) contrasted elective stenting with swell angioplasty, and a randomized preliminary thought about then best in class Palmaz-Schatz and Gianturco-Roubin II stents (6). Elective stenting was simply beginning; most stents were set to rescue bombed swell angioplasty. In this milieu a code for coronary stenting was created. The master board that prompted CMS on repayment evaluated that the normal stenting method required 120 minutes of doctor time from first infusion of lidocaine to last catheter pulled back (symptomatic catheterization excluded), 45 minutes of planning time before the system, and an hour of doctor work after the strategy, for a complete doctor work time of 225 minutes for each coronary stenting case. In this manner, interventionists have been paid for coronary stenting at a rate dependent on very nearly 4 hours for every method for as long as 17 years. New Coronary Intervention Codes and Values For as far back as quite a long while, CMS has endeavored to check Medicare consumptions by recognizing and lessening installment for over-evaluated administrations. In 2011 CMS distinguished coronary stenting as conceivably over-evaluated and necessitated that it be re-esteemed. The estimation of an assistance relies upon the time required to perform it, and to a lesser degree the power of the work. SCAI and ACC realized that obtrusive cardiologists were repaid for 4 hours of work for each stent case since 1994, and that procedural occasions may have abbreviated from that point forward. A re-valuation could essentially diminish the RVUs paid for a coronary stenting system. Interventional cardiologists were additionally definitely mindful of issues with the current coronary mediation codes (Table 1). Repayment for a crisis center of-the-night ST rise myocardial localized necrosis (STEMI) stent system was equivalent to for elective stenting of a solid patient around early afternoon. Stenting of complex left foremost plummeting bifurcation sores requiring 3 stents was esteemed equivalent to stenting of a kind An injury requiring 1 short stent. SCAI/ACC specialists concluded that if interventional methods were to be re-esteemed, the time had come to get codes that perceived and repaid for the additional work of performing complex coronary intercessions. SCAI/ACC specialists built up another arrangement of codes that portray interventional methods with more noteworthy detail (Table 2) and won their endorsement by the AMA Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Panel. At that point they must be esteemed. This necessary a few stages. The initial step was a review of rehearsing interventionists to gauge doctor work and time required for each new coronary mediation code. True to form, rehearsing cardiologists assessed the skin-to-skin time required for coronary stenting to be substantially less than unique 2 hours †45 minutes to be precise. Without the new codes, repayment for coronary stenting would almost certainly have been diminished proportionately, by over half. Luckily, SCAI/ACC specialists persuaded the American Medical Association Relative Value Update Committee to prescribe to CMS that the new intricate coronary mediation codes be repaid at higher rates (by up to 25%) than straightforward coronary stenting. By and large, repayment for the group of coronary intercession methodology will drop 18-20%, substantially less than the half that may have happened without the new codes. New Coronary Intervention Codes Solve Old Problems The new codes take care of a few longstanding issues. .1. For 10 years interventionists have grumbled that they are not repaid for the power of STEMI PCI. Presently they are. RBRVS rates power utilizing units of â€Å"RVU’s every moment of system time†. The power of seeing patients in facility rates.03, coronary detour medical procedure rates.10, and crisis tracheostomy rates.26. Coronary mediation codes were recently evaluated at.10, however the new code for STEMI PCI has a force rating of .18. Force of other new coronary intercession codes is raised to the .13 †15 territory. .2. The additional work and worry of PCI of unions and constant all out impediments is presently perceived and repaid higher, by 10% and 25% individually. .3. Stenting went before by atherectomy is currently repaid at a higher rate (by 12%) than stenting alone. Already there was no differential. .4. The extra work of performing PCI on numerous parts of a solitary supply route is currently perceived with isolated codes. CMS will not pay for these, and SCAI and ACC are campaigning CMS turn around this choice. Fortunately CMS’ choice doesn't restrict repayment since CMS packaged the estimation of the â€Å"additional branch codes† into installment for the base codes. SCAI/ACC despite everything suggests that the â€Å"additional branch codes† be utilized on the grounds that some private payers may decide to repay them. Interventional Coding Examples to Illustrate Basic Principles .1. Issue: Coronary angiography is trailed by specially appointed coronary stenting of the privilege and circumflex coronary conduits. Arrangement: 93454 (coronary angiography), 92928 (stenting single coronary), and 92928 once more (stenting circumflex). Standards: As in the past, catheterization is coded utilizing the different cardiovascular cath codes, which are paid at half whe n performed with coronary intercession. Likewise, the base code for coronary stenting (92928) is utilized for the two vessels, while beforehand the base code was utilized once, alongside a â€Å"each extra vessel† code which was resigned in 2013. .2. Issue: Stenting of the circumflex is performed trailed by atherectomy and stenting of the ramus. Arrangement: 92928 (stenting single coronary), 92933 (atherectomy and stenting single coronary). Standards: Previously CMS perceived and repaid for techniques in just 3 supply routes (the left front slipping, the circumflex, and the right) and may have denied repayment for the ramus PCI. Beginning in 2013, CMS perceives two extra corridors (the left principle and ramus supply routes) and will repay for PCI in every one of them. Likewise, utilize the new â€Å"atherectomy + stenting† code (92933) offers higher repayment than the stent code (92928). . 3. Issue: A patient with non-ST rise myocardial localized necrosis has a 99% sore with moderate stream stented. Arrangement: 92941: (stenting of subtotal/all out impediment causing intense MI). Standard: This code can be utilized for any intense MI tolerant (STEMI or non-STEMI) with a â€Å"total or subtotal† injury. CPT doesn't give a meaning of â€Å"total or sub-total†, so if the code is utilized a precise depiction of the injury to help this code ought to be remembered for the procedural report. .4. Issue: Bifurcation stenting of the left foremost plunging is performed, with PTCA of the sidebranch ostium and stenting of the parent vessel. Distally, a different corner to corner sidebranch is rotationally atherectomized. Arrangement: 92928 (stenting of the LAD), 92921 (angioplasty, extra branch for the LAD askew bi9furcation), 92925 (atherectomy, extra branch). Standards: PTCA of the corner to corner as a feature of the bifurcation stenting is presently perceived. At the point when a different branch is dealt with, utilize a second â€Å"additional branch† code. .5. Issue: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) shows a huge left fundamental injury reaching out into the proximal LAD which is stented. Fragmentary stream hold over a distal injury is estimated and isn't critical. Arrangement: 92928 (stenting of the left primary/LAD), 92978 (intravascular ultrasound), 93571 (partial stream hold). Standard: As in the past, IVUS and FFR codes are utilized as â€Å"add-on† codes notwithstanding the base coronary mediation codes. At the point when a solitary stent is utilized to treat an injury in the left primary stretching out into the LAD or circumflex, it is coded with just one code.

Social Burdens, Individual Men The Draft, Drug Use, and PTSD in The Things They Carried - Literature Essay Samples

Watching friends die, being shot at, and dealing with the fact that death is looming around every is a reality for soldiers regardless of what side they are fighting on. Vietnam was an extremally controversial war, and much of the nation was opposed to the United States getting involved in the first place. Many veterans of the Vietnam war suffer from PTSD because of how brutal the war was, and since many people fighting in it were drafted into it. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† written by Tim OBrien reader are given insight into the lives of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam war. Many of the characters from â€Å"The Things They Carried† struggled to come to grips with the reality they were in, instead imagined fantasy scenarios, such as the companies Lieutenant Jimmy Cross who is constantly fantasizing about a girl named Martha back home. Jimmy Cross’s infatuation with Martha causes him to neglect his men and as a result while walking back to camp Ted Lavender is shot and killed instantly, some of his fellow soldiers watch this unfold (O’Brien 482-495). Knowing what these soldiers are thinking about, or even what they carry with them physically like drug to maintain an addiction or something mental like a distrust of white men shows a great deal about their character and how war has affect them. Learning about how much of an effect the war has on these people raises a question, does being drafted into a war negatively affect a person’s mental health? Being drafted into a war negatively affects a person’s mental health by, causing distrust in authority, increasing the chance of committing suicide even after the war, increasing the likelihood of PTSD, and encouraging low solider morale. This argument helps the audience to understand â€Å"The Things They Carried†. Since Vietnam was such a controversial war many Americans didn’t agree with in the first place, many whom were picked to go resisted it. Many students held strikes to protest the war and questioned why American involvement in it was even a smart decision, â€Å"It was during this period that the President announced plans for expanding the war into Cambodia. This announcement sparked student protests, and the Kent State and Jackson State killings added fuel to what had quickly become a nation-wide student strike,† (Longino). At these protests against the government, people publicly burned their draft cards, and draft registrations, although this didn’t change anything or keep them from going to war it was a politically statement and a plead for help. Men who could prove they were full time student were exempt from the war, but in 1971 this was changed, they could still be drafted but couldn’t deploy until they’re semester was ended. With these new la ws passed protests were at an all-time high as people drafted could potentially lose out on their higher education and their lives as it was known Vietnam had a high mortality rate. â€Å"Those who drew low numbers, making them more vulnerable to the draft, came to favor dovish positions more often and remained less stable in their position on the war than those who drew high numbers,† (Longino). Those who were drafted into the war were more likely to have their opinions about the US government changed, and take up resistance against the war. Those drafted didn’t trust their government anyone as they felt betrayed. Mentally this can be detrimental knowing you going to have to put your entire life on hold whether you’re in college or not to possible lose your life in a war for a government you may not even trust in affects soldier’s mental health negatively. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† distrust in the government is something that is very present. Since many of the soldiers who fought in the war did so because they were drafted into it this is no surprise. In the company, it is known that Kiowa carries a distrust for the predominantly white U.S government, â€Å"As a hedge against bad times, however, Kiowa also carried his grandmother’s distrust of the white man, his grandfather’s old hunting hatchet. Necessity dictated, (483 O’Brien). Many people alike Kiowa began to show distrust in the U.S government and being forced to fight for an authoritative figure that one believes Isn’t looking out for the people’s best interest is extremely detrimental. Once a solider went to Vietnam and saw the fighting conditions and the enemy they were fighting it solidified their distrust in the government even more so and losing faith in authority will make solider who are forced to fight want to get out eve n more so and these on edge feelings can even put other around them at risk by not fulling complying with commanding officer’s orders. This shows the audience how losing trust in authority can have negative effects on a soldier’s mental health. When soldiers return home from war even years after they can still be plagued by long term issues that developed because of the war. Being drafted and forced to fight also has many long term negative effects on a person’s mental health as well. Even after the war veterans returning home from Vietnam were more likely to commit suicide and had higher mortality rates than the average citizen. â€Å"Research on the effects of Vietnam military service suggests that Vietnam veterans experienced significantly higher mortality than the civilian population at large,† (Heerwig, Conley). These suicidal thoughts, because of things like PTSD and survivors guilt usually stay with these veterans throughout the course of their lives and tears down their mental state. Many are unable to return to civilian life and get a job and gradually lose their sanity because of the atrocities they witness in war after they were drafted. Even after time went on the general attitude towards being dra fted into fighting in Vietnam stayed constant, â€Å"However, an exception is with the central variable itself- Vietnam attitude. Here, we use responses to the ‘mistake’ question because that was asked in each post lottery wave. The lottery effect on responses to the question about Vietnam being a mistake,† (Erikson, Stoker). Even after decades lottery the negative attitude towards the war is still prevalent in those who survived the war, these men forced to fight in a war they didn’t agree with still feel like it was a mistake to go there and are burdened with regret. This is another negative affect of being drafted and forced to fight in a war someone may have not been prepared for. Death is something that everyone has seen one television or an action-packed movie. Soldiers quickly realize that Hollywood’s glamorized portrayal of death is something completely fabricated and not an accurate representation. Watching a person die in real time haunts those who witness it for the rest of their lives long after they return from war. â€Å"They all carried ghosts,† (O’Brien 486). Carrying â€Å"ghosts† is figurative for caring the horrible things like watching friends die for the rest of their lives, like for example when Kiowa saw Ted get shot in the head, situations like this stay with these soldiers for the rest of their lives and are what bear down on them, and cause them to be more likely to try to commit suicide. Those drafted for the war and less prepared to witness this are even more so traumatized by it and reflect on the deaths of friends for the rest of their lives regretting the mistake of even going there in the first place. To avoid this mental strain it was common for some men to even self-inflict wounds on themselves, â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masked of composure. They sneered at sick call. They spoke bitterly about guys who had found release by shooting off their own toes or fingers. Pussies, they’d say† (O’Brien). This immense mental strain is a huge burden and the increases likelihood for a person to take their own life is more evidence of how being forced to fight in war can affect a soldier’s mental health negatively. After being drafted and being forced to fight in a dangerous war doesn’t just stop affecting a person the second they get shipped back home. Witnessing all these atrocities causes a person to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,† PTSD develops from the experience of an overwhelming or traumatic event. Traumatic events that may cause PTSD are generally life-threatening events such as natural disaster s (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods), violent personal attacks (physical and sexual abuse, kidnapping, rape, violent crime), terrorist incidents (September 11), military combat, or accidents (plane, train, motor vehicle accidents), â€Å"(Shiromoto, Ronald). Traumatic events are a part of war and people drafted into it cannot do anything to avoid them. PTSD is especially common in Vietnam Veterans, â€Å"The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study in the 1980s, for instance, found that the lifetime incidence rate for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder with symptoms that may persist up to 40 years after service, was over 30% in male Vietnam veterans, â€Å"(Heerwig, Conley). For the rest of a persons life they can be haunted by the thoughts of dying friends, killing other people who may be forced to fight for their nation, and watching family mourn for fallen family members sticks with these people forever. PTSD while treatable isn’t like a normal illness that can be treated and forgotten about, years of therapy can help but whether it can be cured or simply come to terms with is subjective. PTSD is another factor that negatively affects a drafted soldier’s mental health. There are many traumatic events for a lot of O’Brien’s characters and is where they become traumatized. Watching other people die is usually a big cause so the men try to label death as something else â€Å"They used a hard vocabulary to contain the terrible softness. Greased they say. Offed, Lit up, zapped while zipping. It wasn’t cruelty, just stage presence. They were actors. When someone died, it wasn’t quite dying, because in a curious way it seemed scripted, and because they had their lines mostly memorized irony mixed with tragedy, and because they called it by other names, as if to encyst and the destroy the reality of death itself,† (O’Brien 492). This is a way the soldier’s cope with death and try to make it lessen its impact on them. Unfortunately, sometimes death is not of an enemy they greased and justify with kill or be killed sometimes they’re fellow service men are killed. This is seen when Lt Jimmy Cross is hearing the details of Ted’s death â€Å"Kiowa explained how Lavender died, Lieutenant Cross found himself trembling. He tried not to cry. With his entrenching tool, which weighed five pounds, he began digging a hole in the earth. He felt shame. He hated himself. He loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence Lavender was dead, and this was something he would have to carry in his stomach like a stone for the rest of the war,† (O’Brien 490). As a result of fantasizing about Martha Lt. Cross feels he is to blame for the death of Ted and will carry the shame of letting a member of his company forever. When Cross found was thinking about it he was physically trembling and blaming himself, this is how PTSD negatively affects the mental h ealth of a drafted solider. Low solider moral doesn’t seem like something horrible but it indeed is detrimental to a soldier’s mental health. Since mostly young people were drafted they mostly opposed the war and after drafted were more likely to have lower overall moral. â€Å"Given our self-interest mechanism, those with the most at stake should respond the most strongly. Those who are most likely to be drafted—young people—should be especially opposed to a draft war,†( Horowitz, Levendusky 526). Drafting from the younger demographic opposed to the war cause the low moral epidemic, people who didn’t want to fight in Vietnam fought like people who didn’t want to fight in Vietnam. Some even went so far to flee the country or be imprisoned in order to avoid being drafted into the military, â€Å"They could elect to go to jail for up to five years. Some men entered the military, but later regretted it and chose to desert. Some men were unable to find deferments or could not face jail. Both of these groups were forced to go into exile and went into hiding all over the world, including underground in the United States. Canada and Sweden were the best places to go in order to avoid risk of arrest or extradition for violation of Selective Service or military laws,† (Maxwell). The extent of what many drafted men were willing to do to get out of the war proves how much it lower their moral and deteriorated their mental health. Drafted men who followed through with their military service did so to avoid the judgement of others. They feared being ridiculed for avoiding military service so had to follow through.† They died so as not to die of embarrassment. They crawled into tunnels and wailed point and advanced under fire. Each morning, despite the unknowns they made their legs move. They endured.† (O’Brien 492-493). With low morale and scared of ridicule the men endured the pain and suffering. The constant fear of showing others you were fearful devastated solider moral since they didn’t want to be label cowards. Even tasks the men carried out were depressing, â€Å"They moved like mules. By the daylight they took sniper fire, at night they were mortared, but it was not battle, it was just the endless march, village to village, without purpose, nothing won or lost. They marched for the sake of the march,†(O’Brien 489). The endless march is what can drive a person with already low moral mad, constant fear of death, watching friends die, and never really gaining ground is physiologically detrimental. Therefore, low moral can negatively affect a solider mental health. War is not for everyone some people are physically and mentally prepared for what may be thrown at them. Generally, people forced into it may not be as ready for it as those who volunteered. Drafting soldiers into the war has negatively affects their mental health by causing distrust in authority, increasing the likelihood of committing suicide, increasing the chance of developing PTSD, and causing low solider moral. Knowing these points help the audience to understand the actions of O’Briens characters like why Kiowa carries distrust in the white man, or that Jimmy Cross is developing PTSD as a result of blaming himself for Ted Lavender’s death. Although â€Å"The Things They Carried† isn’t non ficition and the characters are made up, they represent real things that Tim O’Brien experienced in the war and carry a power message showing how the war affects those involved. Drafting people into a war should be something done as a last resort since it ca n be even more detrimental to those drafted, and soldiers with low moral may be doing more harm than good. Works Cited Conley, Dalton, and Jennifer Heerwig. â€Å"The Long-Term Effects of Military Conscription on Mortality: Estimates From the Vietnam-Era Draft Lottery.† Demography, vol. 49, no. 3, 2012, pp. 841–855., www.jstor.org/stable/23252673. Longino, Charles F. â€Å"Draft Lottery Numbers and Student Opposition to War.† Sociology of Education, vol. 46, no. 4, 1973, pp. 499–506., www.jstor.org/stable/2111903. Horowitz, Michael C., and Matthew S. Levendusky. â€Å"Drafting Support for War: Conscription and Mass Support for Warfare.† The Journal of Politics, vol. 73, no. 2, 2011, pp. 524–534., www.jstor.org/stable/10.1017/s0022381611000119. Conley, Dalton, and Jennifer Heerwig. â€Å"The War at Home: Effects of Vietnam-Era Military Service on Postwar Household Stability.† The American Economic Review, vol. 101, no. 3, 2011, pp. 350–354., www.jstor.org/stable/29783768. Maxwell, Donald W. â€Å"Young Americans and the Draft.† OAH Magazine of History, vol. 20, no. 5, 2006, pp. 37–39., www.jstor.org/stable/25162083. ERIKSON, ROBERT S., and LAURA STOKER. â€Å"Caught in the Draft: The Effects of Vietnam Draft Lottery Status on Political Attitudes.† The American Political Science Review, vol. 105, no. 2, 2011, pp. 221–237., www.jstor.org/stable/41495063 Doctor, Ronald M., and Frank N. Shiromoto. â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).†The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Facts On File, 2009. Health Reference Center, online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/123201?q=PTSD Soldiers. Accessed 2017.

Is The American Dream Still Alive Today - 1888 Words

America has long been known as â€Å"The Land of the Free†, â€Å"Home of the Brave†, and has established that â€Å"All men are created equal.†(US Declaration of Independence 1776) Although all of these things are what made America a choice place to live; she has not been without her flaws. One of the major flaws that stands in the path of the American dream today is the inequality of the sexes. Women are treated so unjustly when it comes to economic and social equality, women are not given the same opportunities as their male counterparts; but women should take a stand today to guarantee equality in the future . The question that lingers in the hearts of all Americans is: is the American dream still alive today? Or has it simply become too unobtainable that it has vanished from our eyes? A seemingly simple question to answer, â€Å"What is the American dream exactly?† becomes much more complex when we actually think about it. The American dream is com pletely different for everyone, but a well-known dream is the â€Å"Bigger is better† mantra that many Americans tend to want: bigger houses, bigger televisions, bigger cars, bigger handbags, and bigger savings accounts. America has been the land of opportunity, and has stretched her arms out to all who likened to take a trip across a sea or border. But early it was stated that the American dream is different for everyone, so what possibly could be a dream other than working hard and getting rich? Well, what about this: equality. Equality,Show MoreRelatedThe American Dream Is Still Alive Today1078 Words   |  5 Pagesto work to succeed.The American Dream is that every United States citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, initiative, and happiness. But many wonder if it is still alive today. Many studies have proven that the American dream is still alive today. The American Dream still exists because the un employment ratio has decreased , the salary for the jobs has increased, and people have freedom. The American Dream is achieved by sacrificeRead MoreThe American Dream1344 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American Dream Still Alive? Being equal means that all Americans have the opportunity to succeed, it doesnt mean that all Americans have the same things. Some people will work much harder to succeed, those people have more than people who dont want to work to succeed. The American Dream is that every United States citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, initiative, and happiness. But many wonder if it is still alive todayRead MoreThe American Dream And The Reality Of The American Dream931 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, land of dreams, is home to the world’s largest immigrant population. Why do so many want to come to America? It may be because of the employment opportunities, or reunification with family members, or the many rights and freedoms that Americans have. But a large part of immigration to America is due to the American Dream, the belief that every US citizen has an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and d etermination. The concept of the American Dream was recognized as earlyRead MoreThe American Dream Is Still Alive Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream Nowadays, many Americans wonder if the American Dream is still alive. At one point in our country, people felt that they could achieve success by working hard. However, after the economic hardships and recession of the 21st century, a number of Americans not only lost income, but some also lost their jobs. Although there has been slow progression to improve the economy, there are those who question whether or not the dream of Americans can ever be achieved again. With unemploymentRead MoreThe American Dream : Dead, Alive, Or On Hold?1104 Words   |  5 PagesOne of his published works, The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or on Hold?, debates his interpretation of the notion of the American Dream and whether the concept is dead, alive, or on hold. The speaker emphasizes his belief that the common phrase is still alive within America and that one must work hard in order to achieve it. When it comes to the topic of the American Dream, King will eagerly agree that the idea is still al ive and thriving in the minds of Americans; however, I deem that the idea isRead MoreEssay on Is the American Dream Still Alive and Well787 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Is the American Dream Still Alive and Well?† (Debate) The American Dream is the result of possibilities and success. The term â€Å"American Dream† was been invented by James Truslow Adams in 1931: â€Å"That dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement.† Another reference to the American Dream appears in the Declaration of Independence (1776). The author wrote that people are â€Å"endowed by their creatorRead MoreExpanding The American Dream By Marco Rubio1144 Words   |  5 PagesExpanding the American Dream â€Å"The American Dream is a term that is often used but also often misunderstood. It isn t really about becoming rich or famous. It is about things much simpler and more fundamental than that† (Marco Rubio). The American Dream was a great term to attract many immigrants to this country in the belief that families can restart and reach their dreams. The idea that one can radically change their life and become â€Å"rich† was extremely attractive and can give incentive into movingRead MoreEssay on The American Dream: An Essential Part of America1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe American dream is about working hard for what you are trying to achieve. The American dream comes from our past clear down to today and with influences it becomes a superior ambition. Even though the dream grows more throughout time; the dream is stronger and it’s easier to achieve what you want to have in this nation as a dreamer. The American dream has been discussed in literature for more than two centuries in our history. Way earlier in time before anything, our first used way of the AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Dream1063 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American Dream? Is it home ownership, gaining fame or wealth, having a great family or is it gaining a peace of mind? Many people have different versions of what the American Dream is, some people believe the dream is lost, and some people are right in the middle and still believe the American Dream is still alive. â€Å"The American Dream† by Brandon King debates about what the true state is left in the American Dream now. Throughout the essay, King asks if the American Dream is dead, alive, on holdRead MoreHow Hard Will You Work For The American Dream959 Words   |  4 Pageswork for the american dream The issue of whether or not the american dream is dead, alive, or on hold has become very important lately to the working class american. with trillions of dollars lost in the stock market crash and high unemployment rates.There is a nation wide panic on whether or not we can as a country bounce back. In fact in the article â€Å"The American Dream; dead, alive, or on hold.† King claims that the ideas of the so called â€Å"American Dream† are still very much alive. (King pg2 p1)

Whole Foods Market - 2058 Words

Introduction Whole Foods Market, incorporated on August 15, 1980, is the world’s leading retailer of natural and organic foods and America’s first national â€Å"Certified Organic† grocer. Since 2012, Whole Foods Market operated 335 stores in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Depend on 2011 sales rankings from Progressive Grocer, Whole Foods Market became the largest retailer of natural and organic foods in the U.S. and the 11th largest food retailer overall. Today Whole Foods Market consists of 32000 employees and owns stores average 38,000 square feet in size and 10 years in age, and the scale of Whole Foods Market is continue growing through mergers, acquisitions and new store opening According to the annual report (2012),†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Government policy With the demand for natural and organic food far exceeded the supply, many traditional stores also enter this market, such as Wal-Mart. However, the quality has been decreased due to the constantly importing the natural and organic food from other countries and the non-natural and organic product. Thus, the truly organic product in US is quite strict. The organic products must have the â€Å"USDA Organic† label and at least with 95% of the ingredients organic. In addition, the third-party organic certifier -USDA should certify the each stores, which sell the organic products, complying with the strict federal regulation. ï  ¬ Bargaining power of buyers With more and more customers and vegetarians concerning about healthy life, eating healthily and the green movement, organic and natural foods seem to become a necessity for their daily diet. They do not mind the price of the organic foods higher than the normal one, they only pursue the truly organic foods in the market. Therefore, those consumers are rarely price sensitive, rather, they pay more attention on quality. Because Whole Foods Market offers a new way of life, and the high quality of food which meets the loyal customers’ needs, they have strong willing sense to buy the premium organic products from the Whole Foods Market with premium price. Owning to the large customer market of organic food, the demand of it also increases in recent years. On theShow MoreRelatedWhole Foods Market : Whole Food Market2993 Words   |  12 Pages Comparing Two Retail Companies Company A: Whole Food Market Whole Foods Market (WFM) is leading natural and organic food supermarket in the world. It started as one-store entrepreneur shop and has since grown into an $8 billion a year. By 2008, Whole Food Market had 264 stores in the United States that host its headquarters. It had six stores in Canada and five stores in the United Kingdom (Harbin, 2000). It is located in an area of 80000 square foot flagship store in Austin. The CEO and founderRead MoreWhole Foods : The Whole Food Markets Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Whole Food Markets† Week #6 If you were to ask people if they enjoy going to work on Monday, I am sure most of them would give you a funny look, and say â€Å"No†. Americans dislike of their jobs is very evident. To see the magnitude of this just look on social media. On Fridays, there are vast amounts of thank god it’s Friday (TGIF) memes indicating how happy they are that they are done with work for the week. Many American simply do not enjoy working. However, a select few actually do. They enjoyRead MoreWhole Foods Market2057 Words   |  9 PagesCase Study: Whole Foods Market 2006: Mission, Core Values and Strategy 1. What are the chief elements of the strategy that Whole Foods Market is pursuing? Founder John Mackey strongly believed in Whole Foods’ mission to be very selective about store inventory, sticking to the company’s core values and ensuring that customers had an enjoyable and interactive shopping experience, while keeping with planned strategies that have set them apart from their competitors. Store Development andRead MoreWhole Foods Market1449 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Whole Foods Market, Inc. A. SIC/NAICS #’s - The SIC number for Whole Foods Market, Inc. is 5411, which implies grocery stores. The NAICS number for Whole Foods is 445110, which means supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores. (Mergent Online) B. Mission Statement - Barbara Farfan who writes for about.com states, â€Å"The mission statement of the Whole Foods Company and Whole Foods Markets begins with its motto, which is Whole Foods, Whole People, Whole Planet The Whole Foods missionRead MoreWhole Foods Market ( Wfm ) Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesWhole Foods Market (WFM) is a leading natural and organic food supermarket founded in Austin, Texas by four local business people: John Mackey and Renee Lawson Hardy, owners of Safer Way Natural Foods, and Craig Weller and Mark Skiles, owners of Clarksville Natural Grocery. WFM opened its first store in 1980, they staffed their first store with only 19 workers, the store was an immediate success partly because at the time there were less than half a dozen organic stores in the entire country. Read MoreWhole Foods Market Inc.1231 Words   |  5 PagesINDUSTRY EVOLUTION Whole Foods Market Inc. is a service provider in the grocery industry, which report in the US economy under the North American Industry Classification System NAICS 42441, General-line groceries merchants wholesalers, by the time the company started operations in 1980 supermarkets had a history of 51 years. Supermarkets unlike other type of retail is considered truly American in origin, self service grocery stores are traced back to 1912 in Memphis Tennessee, and it was in 1930Read MoreWhole Foods Market, Inc.1304 Words   |  6 Pages Whole Foods Market, Inc. (WFM) was founded in Austin, Texas and is a supermarket chain concentrating in organic and natural foods. John Mackey, Rene Lawson Hardy, Craig Weller. The first store opened on September 20, 1980. Whole Foods Markets are located in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Since 1980, Whole Foods Market has remained committed to upholding their missions and values within their company. Whole Foods Market’s motto—â€Å"Whole Foods, Whole People, Whole Planet—emphasizesRead MoreWhole Foods Markets1582 Words   |  7 Pagespaper examines the published case study Whole Foods Markets, 2005: Will There Be Enough Organic Food to Satisfy the Growing Demand? (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2007, p. C534). Although the published study addresses numerous aspects of Whole Foods Market’s business as a leading international retailer of â€Å"natural† organic foods, the analysis provided herein is focused on Whole Foods Marketâ €™s ability to meet future growth demands. This paper explores Whole Foods Market’s basic internal environmentRead MoreWhole Foods Market1309 Words   |  6 Pages(i) Environmental Analysis – External Opportunities and Threats The demographic, economic and the socio-cultural segments would be the most relevant segments to Whole Foods Market. These segments have a direct impact on the profitability, sustainability and survivability of Whole Foods Market, and the organic food industry. The relevance of the demographic segment stems from the fact that the age structure, income distribution and population size are important factors which will influence the demandRead MoreWhole Foods Market Inc.1280 Words   |  6 PagesWhole Foods Market Inc. is a supermarket selling highest quality natural and organic food, was founded by John Mackey in Austin, Texas in 1980. Whole Foods Market is leading the supermarket industry worldwide, its recorded sales had reached $10,107.79 million in 2011 and it has expanded more than 430 stores in the United states in 2015 (Whole Foods Market, 2015). Website Overview Whole Foods Market’s main communication vehicle is their website, www.wholefoodsmarket.com. Whole Foods Market has

Energy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling

Question: Discuss about theEnergy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling. Answer: Introduction The world energy requirement is growing day by day, with the increase in numbers of electrical appliances to be used in daily life function; the consumption of power per capital has enhanced to a great level. Last ten years has seen a huge rise of energy applications considering the domestic usage. Refrigerators in summer and heat pumps in winter are the necessity of each home in the present era. The refrigeration is the reason for the extra electricity usage in summer and is the reason of most of the load shedding in the developing countries of the world. Heat pumps are the much better source of producing heat energy in the rooms rather than using the wood furnace or any other system. They constitute the major portion of the domestic power consumption. Three commonly used heat pumps are air to air, water source and geothermal. Water source heaters are used mostly in developed countries where water is heated in a central waste water heater, and high-pressure hot water is supplied for heating for the domestic purposes (Philip and Russell, 1950). The central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning also have a function of providing heat energy with the cooling, and it is becoming the more widely adopted solution for this purpose. The facts show a distribution of the among fuels been utilized to supply heat energy to homes through heat engines, natural gas, and electricity has the major part as compared with other fuel types (Bellaff, 1980).There are many different methods to provide cooling during summer, but most important sources being utilized during summer are cooling the room air, with proper insulation, effective windows, and doors, shading and ventilation, that can minimize the energy usage during the hottest climate regions of the world. There are specific and principles and rules that are needed to be abided to design an efficient air conditioning system (De Cosimo, 1977) Hot water is another accessory that is needed for various applications in domestic applications, it is reported that 18% of total home energy is utilized for heating purposes, it is necessary to select an energy efficient water heater in order to keep the energy consumption to its minimum (Lunde, 1980). There is a big involvement of the pollution and global warming in the different sector of energy conversion, and most bitter impact is for the coal and natural gas-fired power plants that directly inject their harmful smokes and flue gasses into the atmosphere. To control global warming and air pollution, the European energy commission has aimed to reduce the production of the energy through harmful atmospheric components by 2020. Further the European countries must divert 10% of the transportation on the renewable energy (Nagy and Krmendi, 2012). Fundamentals of Refrigeration The study of refrigeration requires following definitions to be understood to clearly understand the topic Temperature: The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is measured in terms of temperature. The temperature is calculated in Kelvin. Internal Energy The energy of a body due to random motion of the molecules is called its internal energy. Pressure It is force per unit area. It is measured in Pascals. Enthalpy Total heat content of a body in measured in terms of enthalpy. Mathematically it is measured as H= U + PV H= Enthalpy U= Internal Energy P= Pressure V= Volume Specific heat of a substance The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg mass of substance to one degree. Joules Thomson Effect The working of the refrigerator is based on Joule Thomson effect that states when the gasses undergoes through sudden expansion through throttling, they cause cooling(Garvey et al., 1983). Domestic Refrigerators Ice refrigerators have been used in the early days of the history, where Ice block is placed inside a closed vessel and air inside the vessel circulate in a cyclic manner inside the vessel to cool the food products. The designing of the domestic refrigerator is much of the same kind, where the heat of the cooling cabin is circulated through the gravity different between hot and cold air. The working of the domestic refrigerator is described in detail as under. The domestic refrigerator consists of two parts, the Ice makers, and the cooling cabin. The function of ice maker is to freeze any item stored in it, and mostly it is used to freeze the water in the form of ice, because of the lower degree of temperature required in ice maker more cooling is required in this region. The temperature in the cooling cabin is higher than that of the ice cabin; it is used to store the other materials, e.g. milk, water, and other food items. Less degree of cooling is required in this region as the temperature is higher than that of the ice cabin(Laguerre et al., 2002). The Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle is based on the reverse Carnot cycle, which is an ideal theoretical cycle, it consists of four processes(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009) Isentropic Compression Process Isothermal Heat Addition Process Isentropic Expansion Process Isothermal Heat Rejection Process The refrigeration cycle requires modification in Carnot Cycle, the direction of all the process is reversed and further modifications are as under(Pita, 1984). The isentropic compression process in Carnot cycle is started from saturated vapor line, but in reverse Carnot cycle it is started from the superheated region, it is necessary as it will make the compressor work easily. The Isentropic expansion process is replaced with throttling process, where the refrigerant undergoes an irreversible expansion. The isentropic expansion requires larger space which is economically not justified for such a system. The isothermal heat addition process causes the change in phase of the refrigerant from saturated line to saturated vapor line, the heat absorption causes. To complete the heat addition at a constant degree of temperature, it is necessary to perform this process in the wet region. The isothermal heat extraction process, this process is performed in the condenser where the refrigerant changes its phase from superheated region to subcooled region. Components of Refrigerators The refrigerator consists of following main components; all these components are joined to produced cooling through a thermodynamic cycle known as vapor compression cycle 1) Compressors2) Condensers3) Expansion Valves4) Condenser5) Liquid Line6) Storage Tank7) The refrigerant8) Suction Line. Compressor The domestic refrigerator uses a reciprocating compressor, where the tro and fro motion of the piston of the compressor is utilized for the increasing the pressure of the compressor. The basic purpose of the compressor is to perform isentropic compression process that increases temperature and the pressure of the refrigerant. The domestic compressor is known as the hermetic motor compressor (Elhaj et al., 2008).The compressor is the main source of the input to the refrigeration cycle, as no other component is provided an input power; therefore the proper selection of the compressor is necessary for the efficient operation of the refrigerator. Refrigerant The most important part of the refrigerator is the refrigerant whose chief function is to take the heat from the evaporator or the cooling cabin of the refrigerator and throw it into the condenser. The most important properties that a refrigerant should comprise are that it should have low boiling point, Be safe, Be chemically inactive, Should not dissolve water, Should not impact on ozone and Should not cause global warming. The most commonly used refrigerants are R12, R22, R134a (J Steven Brown PhD, 2009). A number of recent development on the refrigerants is in progress, as the refrigerant containing high percentage of chlorofluorocarbons has been controlled by Montreal Protocol. Condensers The function of the condenser in the refrigeration cycle is to desuperheat, condense, and subcool the refrigerant present in the refrigerant. There are multiple purpose condensers available in the market, but most general are air cooled, water cooled and evaporative condensers, among these air cooled condensers are more suited for the domestic refrigerators (Colburn and Hougen, 1934). The refrigerators are needed to be placed at the windy place to perform the refrigerators operation efficiently. Expansion Valve The purpose of the expansion valve is to keep the low-pressure compartment of the refrigerator separated from high-pressure compartment. Different expansion valves being used are float valve, thermostatic expansion valve, thermoelectric expansion valve, capillary tube and hand operated valves. Capillary tube is most commonly used in the domestic refrigerators (Broersen and Van der Jagt, 1980). The control of the temperature of the refrigerator is the control of the pressure at the exit of the expansion valve, as a change in pressure will always change the temperature at the refrigerants boiling point, and the same will be the temperature of the refrigerator. Evaporators The function of the evaporators is the change of phase of refrigerant, the expansion valve and evaporator functions simultaneously, once the expansion is complete the refrigerant is into the evaporator where it will absorb heat from the products stored in the refrigerator and change to saturated vapor or superheated vapor. The different kinds of evaporators being used are the bare tube, plate surface, and finned tube evaporators; the finned tube evaporators utilize extra fins that are required to the increase the heat transfer area and heat is transferred in less time (Ayub, 2003). The cooling cabin and ice making cabins have the zigzag piping of the evaporator that the mostly of a conductor material. Liquid Line The liquid line takes the refrigerant from the condenser to the expansion valve. It also performs the function of the subcooling the refrigerant while reaching towards the expansion valve. Receiver Tanks The refrigerant once condensed in stored in the receiver tank, where cooling caused subcooling of the refrigerant (Nakamura, 1992). The tank provides desired space for subcooling the refrigerant if the COP is needed to increase by external means. Suction Line The purpose of the suction line is to take the refrigerant from evaporator to the compressor, the extra superheating is done in the suction line, that is necessary for the proper operation of the compressor. The suction line can be covered with insulation to keep the refrigerant from superheating. Performance Measurement The performance of the domestic refrigerator is measured by its coefficient of performance (COP) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) value. The COP is defined as the ratio of refrigeration effect to work of compression, where refrigeration effect is the amount of heat absorbed by one kg of refrigerant from the cooling space and work of compression is the heat equivalent of the compressor.(Blanchard, 1980) The EER value is defined as the ratio between cooling capacity and power input. Recent Developments in Vapor Compression Cycle Numbers of different developments are already made and others are in progress to increase the efficiency of the vapor compression cycle, some of these are mentioned here. Subcooling The coefficient of performance improvement of the vapor compression cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the cycle, the two possible ways to perform the subcooling are dedicated mechanical subcooling and integrated mechanical subcooling that employs two reciprocating compressors in different locations in the cycle and that causes an increase in coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle(Yu et al., 2007). Super Heating The superheating of the refrigerant in the evaporator causes an increase in efficiency of the refrigerator, the extra heat required to superheat the refrigerant is taken from the evaporator and the refrigerant becomes superheated, the increase in coefficient of performance of the cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the vapor compression cycle(Selba? et al., 2006). Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger The liquid suction heat exchanger combines subcooling and superheating, through a heat exchanger, the refrigerant from the receiver tank is subcooled, and the refrigerant from the evaporator is superheated, while passing the heat exchanger, it has different effect on different refrigerants, e.g. coefficient of performance decreases for R22, R32, R717 and the COP increases for R507a, R134a, R12, R404a, R290, R407c, R600(Domanski, 1995). Expender Expansion Cycle The improvement in the COP of the refrigerant due to the expansion of the refrigerant through the expender is causes an increases in COP, where the rotor attached to expender rotates with the expansion of the refrigerant while passing through it and this rotation is forwarded to compressor in order to compress the refrigerant that causes decreased voltage requirement for the compressor and overall COP of the vapor compressor cycle increases(Kornhauser, 1990). Ejector Expansion Cycle It offers increased coefficient of performance, decreased compressor displacement, and decreased compression ratio for the same operating conditions. These benefits are obtained by the addition of equipment that is intrinsically durable and low in cost. The jet ejector is low in cost and able to handle a wide range of multi-phase flows .without damage. It is proposed that an ejector should be used as a refrigerant expander(Hassanain et al., 2015). Solar Cooling The utilization of the solar energy for power production is quite useful and in progress, but the use of solar energy for the cooling and air conditioning is even more effective, it has an advantage of the direct conversion of solar heat into cooling without the conversion of solar energy into electric energy as number of conversions increases the efficiency of the solar energy increases (Kreider and Kreith, 1975). Mathematical Analysis It is the total cooling load in terms of KW or tone refrigeration that is needed to be absorbed from the evaporator and to throw it outside in the atmosphere. Numbers of different factors are involved in increasing the heat content of the evaporator and are mention below. The wall gain load The air circulation load The Product load An excel file attached give the detailed calculation of the cooling load for the domestic refrigerator. The wall gain load The wall gain load is the amount of heat added into the evaporator through temperature difference between the cooling cabin and the surrounding it is calculated by Fourier law of heat conduction (Xirouchaki et al., 2008) Q= AU(TD) Where A= Area of the contact between outside air and the outer surface U= Overall heat transfer coefficient TD= Temperature Different The U value depends on the type of the material being utilized for the construction of the walls of the cooling cabin. Different books in the literature have the detailed values of heat conduction coefficient to calculate the value of U-factor. The domestic refrigerator consists of layers of number of materials, e.g. the outer sheet metal of steel or aluminum, with paint on it, in between glass fiber insulating material and inner plastic or metal sheet. The U-factor for a wall consisting of a number of different materials is calculated by following relation (Agrawal and Menon, 1993). U= 1/(1/f1 + x1/k1+ x2/k2 + x3/k3+ x4/k4.xn/kn+ 1/f0) Where f1 shows coefficient of convective heat transfer at the inside wall and f2 is the coefficient of convective heat transfer at the outside wall X= thickness of the conductive materials K= Conductive heat transfer coefficient. The wall gain load (Calculate)= 0.684 KW The Air Circulation It is due to the bulk movement of the air molecules from surrounding to the cooling cabin especially through the leakages present at the mating surfaces. The air change load is calculated by Q= m(h0-hi) OR Q= (Infiltration Rate L/s)(Enthalpy Change kJ/L) Q= Air change load H0= Enthalpy of the outside air Hi= Enthalpy of the inside air m= mass of the air entering the space Infiltration rate the total leakage of the air inside the cooling cabin. The air change load (Calculated) = 0.329 KW The Product Load It is the load due to the thermal or heat energy of the products placed inside the cooling region; it is calculated by Q= mc ?T/ Desired Cooling Time in seconds Q= The product load m= Mass of the product stored in the refrigerator C= Specific heat above freezing in KJ/kgK. ?T= Change in the product temperature The product load (Calculated) = 4.88 KW. Factor of Safety The load is calculated by adding all the loads that can cause a rise in temperature, and the factor of safety equal to 10% of the total cooling load is added to the calculated value, to make up for all kinds of mistakes that could occur in the calculation of the load. Factor of Safety (Calculated) = 0.589 KW Total Cooling Load The total value of cooling load is calculated by considering the running time of the equipment. The equipment is considered to be running for about 18 hours in a day and rest of the time the system is in idle condition. The total refrigeration load is calculated to be 2.5 tones of refrigeration. The tone of refrigeration and kilo watt are related as the following equation I ton refrigeration = 0.284 KW The total load can be calculated by the following relation Q= 24h/RT (Qt) Total Load (Calculated)= 2.5 Tone of refrigeration. Conclusion The paper discusses the importance of the refrigeration system for the daily life usage and method of calculation of the cooling load for a single family home. The precise calculation of the refrigeration system keeping in view the flexible loads that could often incur, are quite important in the energy usage. The world is heading towards energy crisis where the fossil fuels are depleting, and renewable energy resources are focused. The study concluded that the proper usage of the existing sources: decreases the wastes and the losses by precisely using the calculation for the selection of the cooling systems could easily fulfill the worlds energy demand. References Agrawal, D. Menon, V. 1993. Finite?Time Carnot Refrigerators With Wall Gain And Product Loads. Journal Of Applied Physics, 74, 2153-2158. Ayub, Z. H. 2003. Plate Heat Exchanger Literature Survey And New Heat Transfer And Pressure Drop Correlations For Refrigerant Evaporators. Heat Transfer Engineering, 24, 3-16. Bellaff, L. 1980. Home Heating System. Google Patents. Blanchard, C. 1980. Coefficient Of Performance For Finite Speed Heat Pump. Journal Of Applied Physics, 51, 2471-2472. Borgnakke, C. Sonntag, R. E. 2009. Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics, Wiley. Broersen, P. Van Der Jagt, M. 1980. Hunting Of Evaporators Controlled By A Thermostatic Expansion Valve. Journal Of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, And Control, 102, 130-135. Colburn, A. P. Hougen, O. A. 1934. Design Of Cooler Condensers For Mixtures Of Vapors With Noncondensing Gases. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 26, 1178-1182. De Cosimo, M. J. 1977. Complete System For A Home Air Heating And Cooling, Hot And Cold Water, And Electric Power. Google Patents. Domanski, P. A. 1995. Theoretical Evaluation Of The Vapor Compression Cycle With A Liquid-Line/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger, Economizer, And Ejector, National Institute Of Standards And Technology. Elhaj, M., Gu, F., Ball, A., Albarbar, A., Al-Qattan, M. Naid, A. 2008. Numerical Simulation And Experimental Study Of A Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor For Condition Monitoring. Mechanical Systems And Signal Processing, 22, 374-389. Garvey, S., Logan, S., Rowe, R. Little, W. 1983. Performance Characteristics Of A Low?Flow Rate 25 Mw, Ln2 JouleThomson Refrigerator Fabricated By Photolithographic Means. Applied Physics Letters, 42, 1048-1050. Hassanain, M., Elgendy, E. Fatouh, M. 2015. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System: Ejector Design And Performance Evaluation. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 58, 1-13. J Steven Brown Phd, P. 2009. Hfos: New, Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants. Ashrae Journal, 51, 22. Kornhauser, A. A. 1990. The Use Of An Ejector As A Refrigerant Expander. Kreider, J. F. Kreith, F. 1975. Solar Heating And Cooling: Engineering, Practical Design, And Economics. University Of Colorado; Environmental Consulting Services Inc., Boulder, Co. Laguerre, O., Derens, E. Palagos, B. 2002. Study Of Domestic Refrigerator Temperature And Analysis Of Factors Affecting Temperature: A French Survey. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 25, 653-659. Lunde, P. J. 1980. Solar Thermal Engineering: Space Heating And Hot Water Systems. Nagy, K. Krmendi, K. 2012. Use Of Renewable Energy Sources In Light Of The New Energy Strategy For Europe 20112020. Applied Energy, 96, 393-399. Nakamura, M. 1992. Receiver Tank. Google Patents. Philip, S. Russell, A. E. 1950. Heat Pump System. Google Patents. Pita, E. G. 1984. Refrigeration Principles And Systems: An Energy Approach. Selba?, R., K?z?lkan, . ?encan, A. 2006. Thermoeconomic Optimization Of Subcooled And Superheated Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle. Energy, 31, 2108-2128. Xirouchaki, N., Kondili, E., Vaporidi, K., Xirouchakis, G., Klimathianaki, M., Gavriilidis, G., Alexandopoulou, E., Plataki, M., Alexopoulou, C. Georgopoulos, D. 2008. Proportional Assist Ventilation With Load-Adjustable Gain Factors In Critically Ill Patients: Comparison With Pressure Support. Intensive Care Medicine, 34, 2026-2034. Yu, J., Ren, Y., Chen, H. Li, Y. 2007. Applying Mechanical Subcooling To Ejector Refrigeration Cycle For Improving The Coefficient Of Performance. Energy Conversion And Management, 48, 1193-1199.